Population viability analysis of kowari, Sturts Stony Desert, South Australia. The IUCN Red List criterion E was used to assess the conservation status of this threatened species, where: (a) critically endangered populations are projected to experience a 50% chance of extinction in 10 years, (b) endangered populations are projected to experience a 20% chance of extinction in 20 years, and (c) vulnerable populations are projected to experience a 10% chance of extinction in 100 years. Extinction was defined as a 99% population decline. Dashed black lines are the 95% credible intervals and dashed red line represents the extinction risk threshold defined by the IUCN (2012) (i.e. 50, 20 or 10%).